Ingaruka n'uburyo Chromium Picolinate ikoreshwa mu mafi yo mu mazi meza

Mu biryo by’amazi meza, karubohidrati ikomoka ku binyampeke n’ibinyampeke bikoreshwa cyane nk’isoko ry’ingufu zihendutse. Ariko, amafi ni inyamaswa zo mu bwonko zifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira isukari nke, kandi indyo irimo karubohidrati nyinshi ishobora gutuma habaho hyperglycemia nyuma yo kurya, kudakora neza kwa enzymes za karubohidrati, no kwitabira aside amine mu gutera glukone mu gutanga ingufu, bigatuma habaho imyanda ya poroteyine no kwiyongera k’igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo. Ingaruka z’igihe kirekire zishobora gutera ibinure mu mwijima no kwangirika kw’imikorere y’umubiri, bikongera kwangirika k’umubiri bitewe n’ibibazo by’ibidukikije (hypoxia, ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushyuhe buke, gutwara abantu) no kubuza imikorere myiza y’imikurire.

Chromium igabanyijemo chromium ifite ubugari bwa hexavalent na chromium ifite uburozi bungana na hexavalent, aho chromium ifite uburozi bungana na hexavalent ifite uburozi bwinshi. Chromium ifite ubugari bwa trivalent ni ikintu cy'ingenzi ku nyamaswa, kidashobora kwikora ubwacyo kandi kigomba gutangwa binyuze mu mirire. Chromium idafite umwimerere (nka chromium chloride) ifite igipimo cyo hasi cyane cyo kwinjiza mu mara; Picolinate ya Chromium, umusaruro w’imikorere ya chromium trivalent na aside picolinic, ufite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amara neza kurusha chromium inorganic kandi ni imwe mu masoko ya chromium organic akoreshwa cyane mu bushakashatsi ku bworozi bw’amafi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hakozwe ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku mafi yo mu mazi meza nka grass carp, tilapia, bighead carp, na common carp, byemeza ko dose ikwiye ya chromium picolinate ishobora kunoza ikoreshwa rya glucose, ikagabanya igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo, kandi ikongera ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira hypoxia no kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ubuke. Ariko, dose nyinshi zishobora gutuma umwijima wangirika no kugabanya gukura, bigaragaza ko dose ikwiye ikoreshwa. Iyi nyandiko isuzuma imikorere y’ibinyabuzima, uburyo molekile, n’ikoreshwa ry’ibintu bigira ingaruka kuri chromium picolinate.

1 Imikorere ya Chromium Picolinate mu by'ibinyabuzima mu mafi yo mu mazi meza

1.1 Imikorere y'Iterambere n'Imikoreshereze y'Ibiryo, Ingaruka zo Kugabanya Poroteyine

Ku rwego rukwiye, chromium picolinate ishobora kongera umuvuduko wo kwiyongera ibiro, umuvuduko wihariye wo gukura, kugabanya igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo, no kunoza igipimo cyo gukoresha neza poroteyine n'umuvuduko wo gushyira poroteyine mu mubiri, aho ishingiro ari ryo ingaruka zo kuzigama poroteyine: kongera igipimo cy'ingufu zitangwa na glucose, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'umubiri rya aside amine mu gukora gluconeogenesis, no gutuma aside amine nyinshi zikoreshwa mu gukora poroteyine mu mitsi aho gukoresha ingufu.

Hari itandukaniro mu ngano ikwiye yo kongeramo amafi ku moko atandukanye: mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi, carp isanzwe igaragaza ingaruka nziza zo gukura hamwe na 0.6 kugeza 0.9 mg/kg by'ibiryo (nka Cr³⁺); tilapia ikwiriye 0.4 kugeza 0.8 mg/kg; carp y'ibyatsi by'incuke ikwiriye hagati ya 1.0 na 1.6 mg/kg; naho carp y'incuke nini ikwiriye hafi 0.4 mg/kg by'ibiryo. Iyo ingano y'inyongera irenze 2.0 mg/kg, amafi menshi yo mu mazi meza agaragaza ingaruka mbi nko kugabanuka k'imikurire no kwiyongera k'ikigereranyo cy'umwijima ku mubiri. Byongeye kandi, iyi ngaruka ifitanye isano rikomeye n'urugero rw'ibiryo bya karubohidrati: ingaruka nziza ni nini iyo uriye ibiryo byinshi, mu gihe inyungu nke iyo uriye ibiryo bike.

1.2 Kugenzura ihinduka ry'ibinure mu mubiri no kurengera ubuzima bw'umwijima

Chromium picolinate ifasha mu kwihanganira isukari mu mafi, igabanya isukari mu maraso nyuma yo kurya, yongera uburyo glycogen ibikwa, igabanya isukari nyinshi mu mwijima, kandi ikagabanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara z'umwijima w'ibinure. Ariko, ntabwo igabanya gusa ibinure mu maraso; ahubwo igenzura uburyo lipide zikorwamo mu byerekezo byombi: ingero zikwiye zigenzura inzira zo gukora aside irike no kunoza ikwirakwizwa ry'ibinure mu mubiri; kongeramo ibinure cyane bishobora kubangamira uburyo lipide zikorwamo, bigatera ibinure byinshi mu mwijima, kwiyongera k'umwijima ku mubiri, no kwangirika k'umwijima. Ibipimo bya biochemical mu maraso bigaragaza igabanuka rya sukari mu maraso, kugabanuka kw'isohoka rya transaminase GPT na GOT, no kunoza imikorere y'uturemangingo tw'umwijima.

1.3 Kongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya stress (Hypoxia, Ubushyuhe bwinshi, Ubushyuhe buke, stress yo gutwara abantu)

Mu bworozi bw'amafi, kubura umwuka uhagije, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe, no gutwara ibintu mu buryo butuma umuntu afatwa ni ibintu bikomeye bimutera stress. Stress itera urwego rwinshi rwa cortisol, ibibazo by'isukari mu maraso, kwangirika kwa oxidative, indwara zo kubyimba, n'umubare munini w'impfu. Chromium picolinate ishobora kugabanya urugero rwa cortisol mu maraso no kongera ubushobozi bw'umubiri bwo kwihanganira. Mu bihe bya hypoxia, ishobora kubungabunga imiterere ya mitochondrial, ikagabanya kuva kwa mtDNA, kandi ikabuza hepatocyte necroptosis n'inzira yo kubyimba ya cGAS-STING; mu bihe by'ubushyuhe buke, irushaho gukoresha isukari muri tilapia kandi ikagabanya igabanuka rya metabolisme; mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bukabije muri carp, irushaho kuba nziza ku miterere ya antioxidant kandi ikagabanya igihombo giterwa n'stress.

1.4 Ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri burwanya ogisijeni n'ubudahangarwa bwihariye

Ibipimo bikwiye bya chromium picolinate byongera imikorere ya enzymes zo kurwanya antioxidant SOD, CAT, na GSH-Px, bigabanya ibikomoka kuri MDA lipid peroxidation, kandi bigabanya kwangirika kwa oxidative ku nyama z'umwijima n'inyama z'ijisho; bigabanya ibintu bitera ubushyuhe kandi byongera ibintu birwanya ubushyuhe, bigagabanya kwangirika guterwa n'ubushyuhe. Isano y'ingano n'ingaruka igaragaza ishusho ya U ihinduka: dose nto kugeza ku iringaniye yongera ubushobozi bwa oxidative, mu gihe dose nyinshi zishobora kongera stress ya oxidative no kugabanya ibimenyetso by'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.

1.5 Kunoza imikorere y'igogora

Kongera chromium picolinate ku biryo bishobora kongera imikorere ya amylase yo mu mara, protease, na lipase, bikongera igogora no kwinjiza intungamubiri; mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buke n'imihangayiko, ingaruka ku misemburo yo mu gifu irushaho kugaragara, bigatuma iterambere ry'umubiri rirushaho kwiyongera no kunoza imikorere y'umubiri.

2 Uburyo bwa molekile ya Chromium Picolinate mu mafi yo mu mazi meza

Picolinate ya Chromium isohora Cr³⁺ ikora, ikaba ari yo gice cy'ingenzi cy'ikintu kirwanya isukari (GTF, chromium factor), igenzura inzira nyinshi zo gutanga ibimenyetso kugira ngo igere ku ivugurura rya metabolic, rigabanyijemo ahanini inzira eshanu z'ingenzi.

2.1 Kugenzura uburyo isukari ihinduka mu mubiri

1.Cr³⁺ igira uruhare mu ikorwa rya GTF, igatuma insuline ifatana n’uturemangingo tw’umubiri, igakoresha uburyo bwa IRS 1/PI3K insuline, yongera ubushobozi bwa insuline mu ngingo, kandi ikongera ubushobozi bwo kudakora insuline mu mafi.

2. Yongera uburyo bwo gutwara isukari, yorohereza umwijima n'imitsi kwinjira mu maraso; inakongera uburyo enzymes z'ingenzi za glycolytic nka hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), na phosphofructokinase (PFK), yihutisha igabanuka rya glucose kugira ngo itange ingufu.

3. Ibuza ko imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'ingenzi mu nzira ya gluconeogenesis ikorwa, harimo glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) na phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), ikagabanya umusaruro wa glucose mu mwijima uva mu bintu bitari ibya carbohydrate kandi ikagabanya hyperglycemia nyuma yo kurya.

4. Yongera imikorere ya glycogen synthase (GYS), ifasha guhindura glucose mu bubiko bwa glycogen mu mwijima no mu mitsi, yongera ubushobozi bw'umubiri bwo kubika ingufu.

5. Ibisubizo by'inzira: Igipimo cy'ingufu zitangwa na glucose kiriyongera, bigabanya glukonejene ya aside amine, bigatuma poroteyine igabanuka.

2.2 Kugenzura uburyo ibinure na poroteyine bihinduka

1. Binyuze mu mategeko agenga uburyo insuline ikoreshwa, igenzura mu buryo buciriritse uburyo fat aside synthase (FAS) ikoreshwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko lipide nyinshi zishyirwa mu mubiri, ikongera uburyo intungamubiri zishyirwa mu mubiri, ikongera uburyo poroteyine zishyirwa mu mitsi, kandi ikagenzura ingano y'ibinure mu mubiri.

2. Yongera uburyo bwo gutwara aside amine zikomoka kuri insuline, yorohereza kwinjira mu turemangingo tw’imitsi no kongera imikorere ya poroteyine; mu bihe by’imihangayiko, ibuza igabanuka ry’imisemburo myinshi y’imitsi, igakomeza gukora neza kw’ishyirwa rya poroteyine mu mubiri.

2.3 Kugenzura Imiterere ya Homeostasis ya Mitochondria (Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kurwanya Hypoxia)

Mitochondria ni ikigo cy’ingufu mu mikorere y’umubiri, kandi stress ya hypoxic ishobora kwangiza mitochondria byoroshye, gucikamo ibice byinshi, no kuva kwa mtDNA, bigatera necrosis y’uturemangingo no kubyimba.

1. Kongera imiterere ya mitochondrial fusion gene Mfn-1, kugabanya poroteyine zo gucika kwa mitochondrial, no kubungabunga imiterere ya mitochondrial; kongera imikorere ya nuclear respiratory factor NRF-1, kongera cycle ya aside tricarboxylic na phosphorylation ya oxidative, no kongera umusaruro wa ATP.--

2. Kubuza poroteyine zifitanye isano na mitochondrial apoptosis gukora, kugabanya imyanda ya mtDNA mu cytoplasm, kubuza inzira y'ibimenyetso by'ububyimbirwe ya cGAS-STING, no kugabanya ububyimbirwe bw'umwijima na pyroptose y'uturemangingo.

3. Kugabanya glycolysis idakora neza mu mubiri mu gihe habayeho stress ya hypoxic, kugabanya kwangirika guterwa no kwibumbira mu ngingo z'umubiri, no kongera ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira hypoxia.

2.4 Uburyo bwo kurwanya ogisijeni, kurwanya stress, n'uburyo bwo kurwanya iyoni

1. Kugabanya imisemburo ya cortisol itera stress kugira ngo ugabanye ibibazo bya metabolisme biterwa n'stress; kongera sisitemu y'umubiri ya antioxidant kugira ngo ikureho radicals free no kugabanya kwangirika kwa lipide peroxidation.

2. Kugenzura poroteyine zitwara K⁺ na Cl⁻ ion kugira ngo habeho homeostasis ya ion mu turemangingo tw’umwijima, kugabanya kugwa kw’umuvuduko wa osmotic mu turemangingo mu gihe cy’ihungabana, no kugabanya kwangirika kw’uturemangingo.

3. Kugenzura igaragara ry'ibintu bitera ubushyuhe/kurwanya ubushyuhe kugira ngo bigabanye kwangirika kw'ubushyuhe mu umwijima n'uturemangingo tw'impyiko, birinde ingingo z'umubiri zigomba kwibasirwa.

2.5 Uburyo butaziguye bwo gukora imikorere y'igogora ry'amara

Kunoza imikorere ya enzymes zo mu gifu mu mara kugira ngo wongere igipimo cy’igogora rya sitashi, poroteyine n’ibinure; icyarimwe ukomeze ubusugire bw’urusobe rw’amara, ugabanye kwangirika kw’amara mu gihe cy’ibibazo, kandi wongere uburyo intungamubiri zikoreshwa neza.

Ibintu 3 by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka za Chromium Picolinate mu ikoreshwa ryayo

3.1 Igipimo cy'inyongera

Ubwoko bwiza cyane bwa Cr³⁺ bwo kongereraho amafi yo mu mazi meza ni 0.3 ~ 0.8 mg/kgku biryo; munsi y'igipimo gikwiye nta ngaruka nini bigira; kurenza 2.0 mg/kg muri rusange bigaragaza uburozi, kwiyongera k'umwijima, kugabanuka k'ubushobozi bwa antioxydant, no kugabanya imikurire. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'amafi n'ibipimo bigaragaza itandukaniro rikomeye, aho amafi akiri mato aba yoroshye kwandura chromium. Igipimo kigomba gushingira ku bwoko bw'amatungo kandi ntigishobora gukoresha amakuru aturuka ku matungo n'inkoko mu buryo butaziguye.

3.2 Uruhare rwa Karubohidrati mu Mirire

Agaciro ka chromium picolinate kagaragarira cyane cyane muri indyo irimo ibinure byinshi; uko karubohidrati nyinshi, ni ko isukari ikoreshwa cyane irushaho kwiyongera. Mu biryo birimo isukari nke kandi bifite ibinure bike, kongeramo chromium picolinate bigaragaza inyungu nke. Mu musaruro nyawo, ibiryo byakozwe mu ngano nyinshi bikoresha chromium picolinate bitanga inyungu nyinshi.

3.3 Igipimo cy'ihungabana mu bidukikije by'ubuhinzi

Mu gihe hari ahantu hashyushye cyane, hari ubushyuhe bwinshi, hari ubushyuhe buke, kandi hari ubwikorezi, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya stress no kurinda mitochondria bya chromium picolinate buriyongera; iyo imiterere y’aho ihingwa ari myiza, iterambere ry’ibipimo by’imikurire riba rike.

3.4 Ubwoko bw'isoko rya Chromium

Chromium picolinate ikomoka kuri chromium organic, ikaba inyurwa neza kurusha chromium chloride inorganic. Chromium zitandukanye organic (chromium y'umusemburo, chromium ya methionine) zifite ubushobozi butandukanye mu binyabuzima, hamwe n'uturemangingo dutandukanye bigira ingaruka ku kwinjizwa mu mara, ku miterere y'uturemangingo, no ku rugero rw'uburozi, kandi ntizishobora gusimburwa kimwe.

4 Ishusho

1. Gukora igerageza ryinshi ku rugero rw'ingano y'amafi yihariye yo mu mazi meza, kunoza ububiko bw'intungamubiri zikenewe kuri chromium y'ubwoko butatu mu moko atandukanye n'ibice bitandukanye byo gukura, no gushyiraho amahame ngenderwaho yo gukoreshwa ku rwego rw'umusaruro.

2. Gusesengura uburyo bwo gukora isesengura ry’imiterere ya chromium mu mara, mu mitsi no mu bihaha, no gusobanura neza imiterere y’uturemangingo tw’umubiri mu kurwanya hypoxia no kurwanya ubushyuhe.

3. Gusuzuma ibisigazwa bya chromium mu mubiri, umutekano w'ibiribwa, n'ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije mugihe cyo kubigaburira igihe kirekire, bitanga ishingiro ry'ikoreshwa ryujuje ibisabwa ry'inyongeramusaruro.

4. Suzuma uburyo bwo kurwanya stress bwa chromium picolinate buhuriweho n'ibikomoka ku bimera n'ibindi Ibintu byo gukurikirana, hashingiwe ku miterere y'iyi formulaire, kugira ngo yagure ikoreshwa ryayo mu buhinzi bukorerwamo ubucucike bwinshi no mu gutwara abantu n'ibintu.